01. Who brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Italy in 1295?
Marco Polo brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Italy in 1295.
02. Why were printed books considered "cheap vulgarities" by aristocratic circles and monastic libraries?
Printed books were considered "cheap vulgarities" by aristocratic circles and monastic libraries because they were inexpensive compared to the luxury handwritten manuscripts on vellum.
03. How did booksellers meet the increased demand for books in Europe?
Booksellers employed large numbers of scribes to produce handwritten manuscripts and began exporting books to different countries.
04. Why was there a growing demand for books in Europe by the fifteenth century?
The growing demand for books in Europe was due to the limitations of handwritten manuscripts, which were expensive, fragile, and time-consuming to produce.
05. What were woodblocks used for in Europe by the early fifteenth century?
By the early fifteenth century, woodblocks were used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards, and religious pictures with brief texts.
06. Where and when was the first-known printing press developed?
The first-known printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s in Strasbourg, Germany.
07. Which technology did Gutenberg adapt to create the first printing press?
Gutenberg adapted the technology of the olive press and lead moulds to create the first printing press.
08. What was the first book printed by Gutenberg, and how many copies were made?
The first book printed by Gutenberg was the Bible, and about 180 copies were made.
09. How did printed books initially resemble handwritten manuscripts?
Printed books resembled handwritten manuscripts in appearance and layout, with metal letters imitating ornamental styles and hand-illuminated borders and illustrations.
10. What was the impact of the shift from hand printing to mechanical printing in Europe?
The shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the print revolution, with a significant increase in book production across Europe.
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